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Cuando esa reacción transcurre en el interior de las células mediante rutas metabólicas, da lugar a la obtención de energía metabólica.  La glucosa es el único combustible para unas pocas células especializadas (como las neuronas del cerebro, médula renal, córnea, eritrocitos, espermátidas), resultando por lo tanto imprescindible para las mismas, y determinando que varios de los principales tejidos del cuerpo trabajen para asegurar un suministro adecuado de este combustible.  La glucosa puede ser almacenada en forma de glucógeno en algunas células o bien, puede ser degradada mediante oxidación. También puede servir como precursor de múltiples biomoléculas, coenzimas, nucleótidos, esqueleto carbonado de los aminoácidos, etc. Las rutas que se consideran en este capítulo son rutas catabólicas, analizándose las rutas de polimerización y despolimerización de glucosa, o formación y degradación del glucógeno, junto con el resto de las rutas anabólicas. 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Los  métodos de aumento son el microscopio óptico y el microscopio electrónico. Pero  para que los tejidos animales puedan ser observados deben sufrir una serie de  manipulaciones, que se conocen con el nombre de técnicas histológicas. 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Como dijimos en apartados anteriores la creación de gradientes entre ambos lados de la membrana es necesaria puesto que se usan en muchos aspectos de la fisiología celular. Pero para que estos gradientes sean útiles es necesario que la célula pueda crearlos, regularlos y romperlos cuando lo necesite. En la membrana existen unas proteínas especializadas tanto en el transporte de moléculas necesarias para el metabolismo como en la creación y modificación de los gradientes electroquímicos. Son proteínas transmembrana que se agrupan en tres tipos: bombas, transportadores y canales"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"11209"},["text","2015-01-01"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"11210"},["text","Atlas de Histología Animal y Vegetal "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"4103"},["name","membrana"]],["tag",{"tagId":"4153"},["name","transporte de proteínas."]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2240","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2162"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/018fefa9bf3b6d6f3203d1d67545a9db.pdf"],["authentication","234df590e24bc3fbaef4e3824dfc2072"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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Constituye el primer paso en la expresión de los genes, y mediante esta ruta se sintetizan todos los tipos de ARN que existen en la célula. En la transcripción cada ARN formado corresponde a la copia de una porción o segmento de ADN. La información escrita en una secuencia de desoxirribonucleótidos se convierte en información escrita en una secuencia de ribonucleótidos cuyas bases son complementarias a las del ADN. El lenguaje escrito en bases nitrogenadas continúa siendo el mismo, con la salvedad de que cambia una base pirimidínica, la timina del ADN que es sustituida por el uracilo del ARN.  La molécula de ARN es extraordinariamente versátil, y desarrolla funciones muy variadas en la célula. 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