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Veamos primero qué entiende por “clasificación” el biólogo en general y el zoólogo en particular. 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Se tomaron 6 áreas en el centro de la ciudad y un área control en la ciudad de juana Koslay, ubicada a 6 km al este. Para determinar gradualidad en los niveles de contaminación, se utilizó el Índice de Pureza Atmosférica (IPA). Este valor indica indirectamente la cobertura de los líquenes en la zona de muestreo y directamente la diversidad de especies. Se calcularon los índices de diversidad de Shannon (H), la equitatividad (J) y riqueza (S). Los valores más bajos en el IPA se encontraron en la ciudad de San Luis y los más altos en el área control en juana Koslay. La ausencia casi total de líquenes en la ciudad de San Luis refleja la baja calidad del aire en el espacio urbano y la eficacia de los líquenes como bioindicadores de la contaminación aérea.  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No obstante, el planteamiento excesivamente arduo que se hace de ellas en ocasiones puede llevar a concebirlas más como una carga que como una ayuda. El objetivo de este artículo es intentar acercar no sólo sus conceptos sino también sus utilidades a todos aquellos que o bien no las conocen o bien no las aprecian en su justa medida.  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Los siguientes especies de CYANOPHYTA y CHLOROPHYTA son nuevos reportes paro lo flora peruano:  Chraococcus minor, Microspora tumidula, Cylindrocystis brebissonii, Closterium baillyanum, Closterium  johnnsonii, Euostrum luetkemuellerii, Euastrum paulense, Cosmarium contractum, Casmorium punctulo­ tum, Desmidium optogonum y Phymatodocis nordstedtiono. 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Cuando pensamos en un hongo lo primero que se nos viene a la mente suele ser un hongo “de sombrero” como por ejemplo el champiñón (Agaricus bisporus), pero este tipo de morfología es solo una de las tantas que podemos encontrar. La cantidad de formas, colores y tamaños que tienen los hongos es inmensa. Podemos verlos creciendo en forma de “estante” como Trametes versicolor (Figura 1) o Pycnoporus sanguineus (Figura 2) sobre troncos de árboles en pie o caídos, en forma de “copas” como Cookeina colensoi (Figura 3) o Ascobolus scatigenus (Figura 4), o incluso en forma de “estrella” como en el caso de Geastrum saccatum (Figura 5). 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Algunos botánicos pioneros usaron el término taxonomía en un sentido más restringido, aplicándolo a los principios de un sistema de clasificación. Aún hoy, algunos autores prefieren diferenciar los términos, en cuyo caso la sistemática se define como el estudio y descripción de la diversidad de los organismos vivientes, de las causas y consecuencias de la variación y la manipulación de la información obtenida para producir sistemas de clasificación. La Taxonomía queda restringida al estudio de la clasificación, sus principios y prácticas. En general Taxonomía y Sistemática son actualmente usados como sinónimos.  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