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Se agregan nombres científicos actuales, se detallan las citas bibliográficas y se actualiza la ortografía. El documento original se encuentra archivado en la biblioteca del Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción. 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La práctica de esta disciplina, en su forma moderna, se remonta a mediados del siglo XVIII cuando se incorporó el concepto de Systema, para referirse al ordenamiento de los seres vivos, y la nomenclatura binominal de las especies dentro de un sistema jerárquico llevada a cabo por el botánico sueco Carlos Linneo (1753, 1758). La práctica de la Taxonomía comprende tanto la identificación, nominación y descripción de especies (microtaxonomía), como la clasificación de grupos taxonómicos mayores (macrotaxonomía). En nuestros días, esta disciplina enfrenta el desafío de incorporar nuevos métodos y técnicas de manejo y análisis de datos tanto a nivel de la micro como de la macrotaxonomía. Los métodos y técnicas de obtención de datos taxonómicos, su contrastación e interpretación están sometidos a un cambio drástico. Así, la identificación, caracterización, clasificación de las especies, y el análisis de sus relaciones filogenéticas se ven favorecidos y potenciados mediante la adopción de las tecnologías digitales y el uso de la infraestructura cibernética. Este manual propone introducir al alumno de grado de la carrera de Biología en la práctica taxonómica, comenzando por sus prácticas más sencillas y tradicionales, hasta sus prácticas más complejas e integradas; desde el uso y construcción de claves taxonómicas dicotómicas en papel, hasta el uso de claves taxonómicas interactivas disponibles en la web; y desde la construcción manual de redes y árboles filogenéticos, hasta la construcción, búsqueda e interpretaciones de árboles filogenéticos a partir de conjuntos de datos morfológicos y moleculares. La presente contribución consta de 64 ejercitaciones distribuidas en 8 capítulos, e incluye guías para el uso de software y/o bases de datos taxonómicas como material suplementario."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10759"},["text","2013"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10760"},["text","Repositorio Institucional  de la UNLP "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3951"},["name","Identificación de especies; métodos de clasificación; análisis de datos; caracterización de especies"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2150","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2072"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/7954fcd9281a1034f2c6355bacc237a2.pdf"],["authentication","5fc481eec4d66cefec911ce260bae7e1"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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Para definirlas utilizamos, entonces, características que unifican al grupo, tales como la de ser organismos autótrofos que realizan la fotosíntesis oxigénica con niveles de organización y estructuras simples (carecen de flores, sistema vascular y raíces como las plantas), con pigmentos fotosintéticos y estructuras celulares similares. Debido a que la definición es muy general, en este conjunto se ha incluido al grupo de las cianofíceas o algas verde-azules (Cyanophyta), las cuales, aunque son procariontas, son consideradas en este grupo artificial en términos de sus pigmentos y su función en el ecosistema. Las especies de macroalgas son principalmente algas verdes (Chlorophyta), algas cafés (Phaeophyta), algas rojas (Rhodophyta), y algunas especies de cianofíceas o algas verde-azules (Cyanophyta) generalmente bentónicas (Graham y Wilcox, 2000). "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10754"},["text","2015-07-06"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10755"},["text","Centro de investigaciones Científicas de Yucatán"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3950"},["name","Algas"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2149","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2071"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/5670e9c776e1f6d6f1aedf841fddfefa.pdf"],["authentication","f39cb3629b8e9dc2e5ddbe75e82c0bdb"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10746"},["text","Cianobacterias "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10747"},["text","https://botanicageneral.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/cianobacterias.pdf"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10748"},["text"," Las cianofíceas, también llamadas cianófitas o cianobacterias, son un filo de móneras microorganismos procarióticos, puesto que carecen de membrana nuclear. También se llaman cianofíceas o algas verde-azuladas, debido a que poseen sustancias fotosintéticas del tipo de la clorofila y ficocianina, un pigmento de color azulado. Como pueden realizar la fotosíntesis, desprenden oxígeno. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10749"},["text","2008-09-01"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10750"},["text","Botanicageneral’s Weblog"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3949"},["name","niveles morfológicos"]],["tag",{"tagId":"3948"},["name","Unicelulares"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2148","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2070"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/e4b9f5989860b15718f7f5221dc4901c.pdf"],["authentication","e75fbb17a831cf6e8a932bb9e3739374"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"7455"},["text","PEDAGOGÍA"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10741"},["text","Utilidad económica y étnica de las briófitas"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10742"},["text","http://www.musgosdechile.cl/glime_usos_espanol.pdf"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10743"},["text","La generalizada carencia de valor comercial, el pequeño tamaño, y su inconspicuo rol en los ecosistemas, son la causa de que las briófitas parezcan no tener utilidad para la mayoría de las personas. Sin embargo, hombres de la Edad de Piedra que vivían en la actual Alemania, ya recolectaban el musgo Neckera crispa (G. Grosse-Brauckmann 1979). Otros cuantos fragmentos de evidencia sugieren una variedad de usos por varias culturas alrededor del mundo (J. M. Glime & D. Saxena 1991). En la actualidad, los botánicos contemporáneos están considerando a las briófitas como fuentes de genes para la modificación de plantas agrícolas para poder enfrentar los variados estreses fisiológicos del mundo moderno. Esto resulta irónico, puesto que los numerosos compuestos secundarios presentes en las briófitas las hacen desagradables incluso para los paladares menos exigentes, y su valor nutricional es cuestionable."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10744"},["text","2012"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10745"},["text","Musgos de Chile "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3947"},["name","briófitas."]],["tag",{"tagId":"3946"},["name","Musgos"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2147","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2069"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/d4115475e09db210b5937f7c6de967a8.pdf"],["authentication","9113fcc05215e07135852c0520585b9d"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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La puesta en común de saberes procedentes de distintas aproximaciones y de todos los niveles de la jerarquía biológica: desde el molecular hasta el ecosistémico, contrasta con el reduccionismo del paradigma dominante y parece estar produciendo nuevos y mejores frutos."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10739"},["text","2010"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10740"},["text","Tejiendo la Red de la Vida"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3945"},["name","Evolución de la Botánica."]],["tag",{"tagId":"3944"},["name","Historia de la Botánica"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2146","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2068"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/abb4d85ae8f6ceb981f3a3be0e57fe3f.pdf"],["authentication","5395741dab37d0e96bbbcdea650d6847"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10731"},["text","Biología Guía para la enseñanza en el modelo 1 a 1 "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10732"},["text","https://libroslibresgratis.wordpress.com/page/9/"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10733"},["text","El objetivo de este material es, por un lado, brindar una serie de ejemplos concretos del modo de trabajo 1:1 en esta disciplina: actividades innovadoras que explotan los nuevos recursos que están siendo puestos al alcance de docentes y alumnos, y que al mismo tiempo transmiten rigurosamente los conceptos necesarios para una educación sólida"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10734"},["text","2011-05-01"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10735"},["text","Libros libres & Gratuitos"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3887"},["name","Biología"]],["tag",{"tagId":"3943"},["name","Ciencias de la Vida."]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2145","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2067"},["src","https://bvhumanidades.usac.edu.gt/files/original/3745fdf449419cdd7adc6b9cbf38ef01.pdf"],["authentication","af6af06c2131d2c94bab673f13c615cf"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"7455"},["text","PEDAGOGÍA"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10726"},["text","Influencia de factores externos sobre la fotosíntesis de algas verdes y cianobacterias "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10727"},["text","http://www.revistareduca.es/index.php/reduca/article/view/1787"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10728"},["text","Mediante el proceso de fotosíntesis, plantas verdes, algas y bacterias, capturan energía en forma de luz y la transforman en energía química. Se estudió la influencia de factores externos sobre el rendimiento fotosintético de algas verdes (Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides) y (Microcystis aeruginosa) para determinar la influencia en su supervivencia. Para ello, se expusieron concentraciones de 2x106 cel ml-1 a variaciones de luminosidad, temperatura y niveles de CO2, estudiando la eficacia fotosintética a través de la producción de O2. El mismo estudio se realizó añadiendo al medio de cultivo un alguicida, el ácido tricloroisocianúrico (TCA) mediante exposiciones a diferentes concentraciones. Los resultados muestran que, frente a la intensidad lumínica, las células de D. chlorelloides poseen una mayor eficacia fotosintética que M. aeruginosa, mientras que en condiciones de  oscuridad, las dos especies se comportan de forma similar; las bajas temperaturas afectan por igual a ambas células, pero las cianobacterias soportan mejor el incremento de temperatura que las algas verdes. La disminución de CO2 afectó de forma similar a ambas especies celulares. Por último, se observó que bajas concentraciones de TCA inhiben la fotosíntesis sin comprometer la supervivencia celular. Estos resultados evidencian los efectos adversos sobre el fitoplancton derivados de cambios en el medioambiente, tanto naturales como de origen antropogénico"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10729"},["text","2014-04-26"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"10730"},["text","REDUCA (Recursos Educativos)"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"3942"},["name","Fotosíntesis. Estrés abiótico. Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides. Microcystis aeruginosa."]]]]]